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HomeMy WebLinkAbout1990-1991 - South Carleton H.S. - Program SelectionSECTION II PROGRAM SELECTfON AT SOUTH CARLL TON HIGH SCHOOL 1900 -91 School Objectives 14 General Information 14 Additional Guidelines 15 Achievement, Homework, etc. 16 Sample Programs 17 After High School 19 COURSE DESCRIPTIONS Art 20 Business Education 22 Computer Studies 27 Drama 28 English 31 Family Studies 35 Geography 39 History 42 Mathematics 46 Modern Languages 51 Music 56 Physical Education 60 Science 66 Technological Studies 73 siM AVI1 G Visual Arts AVI2A Visual Arts •■• -11-t ART I Course Title: Visual Arts - Foundation Course Code: AVI1G • hSn AVI3A Visual Arts . p . : s : 1 AVC3G Visual Arts 96 attliC1 rc!'. AVI4A Visual A ts, AVF4A Visual Arts f'Vi!3Q AVIOA Visual Arts R.ljstltR& Credit Value: 1.0 Prerequisite: None This general, introductory course is intended as a foundation for further courses in secondary school at the general or advanced level. Its objective is to develop visual perception and practical facility in the fundamental techniques of drawing, painting, printmaking, information design, and sculpture. The study of design concepts is emphasized. Studio activity such as the following will be included in the course: sketching, rendering, perspective, painting to explore a variety of techniques, making relief prints and monoprints, exploring elementary graphics, designing posters, and three - dimensional activities such as modelling, carving, and constructing. The practical studio and design activities will be integrated with a study of Canadian art and artists in comparison with those in the United States, Europe, and other societies. This course is a prerequisite for AVI2A. Students will be required to purchase basic art supplies and to pay studio fees of $10. Course Title: Visual Arts - Credit Value: 1.0 Comprehensive Prerequisite: None Course Code: AVI2A This course is designed for students wishing to continue in advanced level courses, possibly leading to the Ontario Academic Course. The studio component focuses on the development of a variety of working skills and emphasizes an understanding of the formal element of art. Drawing constitutes 20 per cent of the course; painting, 10 per cent; and three - dimensional studies, 15 per cent. The history/criticism component initiates a continuing practice of intensive comparative study of twenty pairs of important artworks. At the same time, this study is related to the studio and design component of the course. Students will be required to purchase basic art supplies and to pay studio fees of $10. Course Title: Visual Arts - Comprehensive Course Code: AVI3A Credit Value: 1.0 Prerequisite: AVI1G or AVI2A This course continues the study of drawing, painting, printmaking, sculpture and related problems in composition. In drawing, an emphasis is placed on the development of increased proficiency in skills, heightened perceptual awareness and imaginative composition. The history /criticism component continues the comparative study of pairs of important artworks in relation to the study of colour and many of the studio activities. Students will be required to purchase basic art supplies and to pay a studio fee of $10. 20 BUSINESS EDUCATION 1 BKI1 G Keyboarding I BKI1GF Dactylographie BIB1 G Introduction to BKA2G Keyboarding II BAI2G Accounting Introduction BSI3G Information BSI4G Information BECOA Economics BAA3G Accounting �•.' i•t BAC3A Accounting BAM4G Accounting BLWOA Law BACOA Accounting BMR3G Retailing BMK4G Marketing BSN3G Notemaking BLW3A Law BOS4A Management BLW3AF Droit BK 14G Keyboarding 1 Note: ADULTS ARE WELCOME IN ALL COURSES! Programs have changed. The door to an exciting and rewarding career can be opened. Take a refresher course. Earn your diploma. Learn new and timely skills by registering in one or more of the Business Courses at South Carleton High School in Accounting, Computers, Keyboarding or Law. There is a program to meet your needs. These courses can be linked to Co- Operative Education to enable you to spend part of your school day in an actual office environment, gaining valuable on- the -job training and earning up to two additional credits. DON'T DELAY! Course Title: Accounting Introduction Course Code: BAI2G Credit Value: 1.0 Prerequisite: None This course is designed for Intermediate or Senior Division students seeking an introduction to accounting theory for their personal use and for those seeking direct employment after completing their secondary school program. It will also meet the needs of students who wish to proceed to further study at the college level in this field. Fundamental concepts and theories of accounting are introduced, and accounting applications are used to reinforce the principles. This introductory course concentrates on accounting related to business activities and includes relevant personal applications. The core content includes the accounting cycle for a service business, multipurpose columnar journals, cash control and banking, and career awareness. Practical aspects of the course may be reinforced using the computer as a business tool. 22 1 COMPUTER STUDIES 1 DIC2A Introduction to Com §jy e.s E:hi.� i'ss ••'k.l DIC2G Introduction to DSC3A Computer Science rasTWY.. 411 DPC3G Data Processing Course Title: Introduction To Computer Studies Course Code: DIC2A DSC4A Computer Science DPA4G Data Processing �AI{�3�tQfl Credit Value: 1.0 Prerequisite: None This course is designed to introduce concepts which give students a generic overview, allowing them to appreciate the use and impact of the computer in today's society. These concepts will be reinforced with daily "hands -on" experiences in the computer laboratory, using the Macintosh computer. Main topics in the course include an overview, the history of computers, word processing, graphics, applications- -data bases and spreadsheets, computer technology, and programming in BASIC. Students will become aware of the many exciting and challenging career opportunities available to them in the computer field. Good communication and problem solving skills will be stressed. Course Title: Course Code: Intro. To Credit Value: 1.0 Computer Prerequisite: None Studies DIC2G The aim of this course is to provide practical experience in the use of the computer to ensure that the students appreciate the power and usefulness of this efficient tool. An opportunity is provided not only to work with pre - packaged software, but also to develop some programming ability. Main topics in this course include an overview, the history of the modern machine, word processing, graphics, applications- -data bases and spreadsheets, and computer technology. Macintosh computers will be used. Students will practice the techniques of good communication, and problem - solving skills in their daily work in the computer laboratory. Course Title: Data Processing Credit Value: 1.0 Concepts Prerequisite: None Course Code: BPC3G The major emphasis of this course is on the operation of computers to carry out personal andlor business functions. Hands -on experience will be provided on Apple Macintosh computers. The data processing concepts and techniques presented in the course will provide students with the background they need to relate specific occupations that might interest them to the broad field of information processing. Many students take both Data Processing Concepts and Computer Science to learn how to use different languages and applications to solve problems related to business and government. Areas of study include: programming the computer, computers in business, using applications programs (word processors, data bases, electronic spreadsheet, etc.), hardware maintenance, and higher level operations of a computer. 27 Course Title: Data Processing Credit Value: 1.0 Applications Prerequisite: BPC3G Course Code: BPA4G This course deals with practical computer applications and will provide students with opportunities to refine their ability to use industry- standard applications programs. Students will acquire the necessary computer skills for direct job entry, where they may be carrying out the diverse tasks involved in entering information into and operating a small business system. This course will also provide excellent background for certain community college programs. Some areas of study include: use of industry- standard application programs, desk top publishing, computer programming, managing data files, ergonomics, current business practices that involve computers, and career opportunities. Course Title: Computer Science Course Code: DSC3A Credit Value: 1.0 Prerequisite: None This course includes the following topics: history of the development of computers; introduction to problem solving using an algorithmic approach; implementation of algorithms using a structured language; fundamental programming techniques such as decision, looping, summing, the use of subscripted variables, subprogramming and string manipulation. The course also includes a module on computer technology where students are given hands on experience with various logic circuits. Programs are run on the micro - computers resident in the school. Emphasis will be placed on structured programming and problem solving. Course Title: Computer Science Course Code: DSC4A Credit Value: 1.0 Prerequisite: DSC3A This course includes the following topics: review of all work covered in DSC3A such as: string manipulations, programming techniques involved in sorting, searching, numerical analysis, graphics, file manipulation, records and arrays; use of data structures; the creation of interactive programs discussion of machine language and the internal workings of a micro - computer. Emphasis will be placed on structured programming techniques and problem solving. Students will run their programs on the micro - computers resident in the school. ADA1A Dramatic Arts ADA2A Dramatic Ms ADA2A1 Dramatic Arts C edUY?,D2. a DRAMA -► Course Title: Dramatic Arts Course Code: ADA1A ADA3A Dramatic Ms ADA4A Dramatic Arts ADA4A1 Dramatic Arts e�oimaa� ADAOA Dramatic Arts fit %fYVra' J Credit Value: 1.0 Prerequisite: None The emphasis in this introductory course is placed on the development of personal growth and self - discipline through creative drama. Students will study and develop self- awareness, communication skills and concentration through games and activities involving observation, sensory awareness, imagination, social interaction and group work. Advanced Level writing skills are required to fulfil the written components of the course. 28 ENGLISH ENGIG English ENG1B English ENGOA English ENG2G English ENG3G English ENG4G English ENGOA OAC 1 ENG2B English EWCOA OAC II ENG2A English ENG4A English EL1OA OAC III EWR3A English Writing Course Title: OAC I: Language and Literature Course Code: ENGOA Credit Value: 1.0 Prerequisite: Successful completion of .at least one advanced level Senior English course. Suggested Prerequisite: At least two senior advanced level English courses. OAC 1 is the core course, and students taking one OAC will take this course. Thus, students entering university with an English course will have completed the same core requirements. The literature studied in this course includes essays, past and present, and a balanced selection of poems, prose fiction, and plays, including acknowledged classics. In composition, writing activities make up at least one -third of class time and students will maintain a writing folder or portfolio which will contain samples of writing in various modes for various purposes, and for real and imagined audiences. Much of the writing will consist of short expository essays. Language studies include an examination of the usage, structure and style of literature selections and techniques of effective oral and written exposition. An independent study unit culminates in a formal report that includes a written and an oral component. Course Title: OAC 11: Writers' Craft Course Code: EWCOA Credit Value: 1.0 Prerequisite: Successful completion of at least one advanced level Senior English course. A second OAC may be taken after or concurrent with OAC I. Prerequisite: At least two Senior advanced level English courses. The second OAC, an option after, or concurrent with OAC I, is designed primarily as a writer's workshop. It is not a creative writing course. It is valuable for those who have a strong interest in writing and are planning future study in an area that has a strong writing component to it. In this course, writing, including pre -and post - writing activities, make up at least one -half of class time. The student will maintain a writing folder or portfolio which will contain many samples of writing in various modes, for various purposes, and for various audiences. Much of the writing will be expository. The literature studied will include many short literary selections chosen as appropriate examples of the writer's craft. The language study component will concentrate on the 31 I FAMILY STUDIES I NZF3G Fashion Arts NZF3GF La Mode TFD3G Food Prep. NFB3A Parenting NMM3G Economics & Resource Management TFD4G Food Prep. ApPr g45 c NFD4A Housing NMT4A Personal Life Management Women in the 80s NFOOA Families in Personal Life Management A program in personal life management will enable students to acquire the knowledge and competencies they will need to manage their personal lives with satisfaction and meaning. The focus of the program is on the management of personal life so that it may be productive, satisfying and not unduly stressful. This opportunity is provided within the personal life management courses that are comprised of three of four modules that are developed under a variety of themes. These courses were designed to allow students in different grades and capabilities to have access to the program. Course Title: Economics and Credit Value: 1.0 Resource Prerequisite: None Management Course Code: NMM3G Resource Management The content of this module will assist students to learn how to use their resources to meet their personal needs. Aesthetics The content of this module consists of the students' exposure to, experiencing of, and response to the various aesthetic aspects of their environment. Nutrition It is the intent of this module to develop, in students, an awareness of the relationship between nutrition and health. This course is designed to prepare students for the exciting aspect of moving out of the family home and living on their own; it's one of life's great adventures - Independent Living. 35 Course Title: Families in Credit Value: 1.0 Canadian Society Prerequisite: One Senior Course Code: NFOOA Social Science Credit and ENG4A This OAC course is intended to help students develop a cognitive and effective understanding of the family in Canada, to help them acquire some personal skills for participating in the family process, and to help them develop the learning skills that they will require to be successful in their future education. This an excellent preparatory class for university, enhancing reading and understanding skills. There is a $5.00 charge per student for Reaction Booklets. Course Title: Housing Credit Value: 1.0 Course Code: NFD4A Prerequisite: None As a result of this course, students should be able to identify how the needs and interests of individuals and families are met through housing. Students will be able to identify how a dwelling is made into a home that provides the environment for optimum family living at various stages of the family life cycle. There will be 4 field trips at a cost of $3.00 per trip. GC Al A Geography of Effififfng GCAIAF Geographie du GCA1 G Geography of 'GEOGRAPHY' GEA2A Eurasia: Intern.' GEA2AF Eurasia: Intern't GEA2G Eurasia: Intern'' Course Title: Geography of Canada Course Code: GCA1A GPH3AF Our Natural nvaXeo. !GPH`3G-.. tural Disaster 1.. A' GHU4G Human Use of GUR4A Urban Studies GWIOA World Issues GWIOAF Le Monde GUR4AF GCEOA Urbanisme Environrnent uwoorrf Credit Value: 1.0 Prerequisite: None The aim of this course is to provide students with the opportunity to understand Canada's physical and human diversity, its natural resource base, and the place of Canada in the world. Other topics may include Canada's industrial base, the importance of transportation and communication, and studies of the local area and important urban centres. Throughout the program "man and the environment" will be a focus, and a variety of skills will be emphasized. Course Title: Geography of Credit Value: 1.0 Canada Prerequisite: None Course Code: GCA1AF This course is identical to GCA1 A but is taught in the French Language. 39 Course Title: The Environment Credit Value: 1.0 and the Economy Prerequisite: One Senior Course Code: GCEQA Division social science credit at the advanced level This course will provide students with new perspective on the Canada of today and tomorrow by increasing their knowledge of Canada's natural, economic, social and political environments within the larger world community. Students will examine the forces influencing the destiny of Canadians and the alternatives available to them. HISTORY HCT2A Contemporary HWC3A Civilizations HPO4A Politics HSC3A Society: HUS4A American HCT2AF Histoire du HSC3AF Society: HPO4AF Politics HCT2G Contemporary HSC3G Society: HUS4AF American HuS4G American HPO4G Politics NMR4G Human Course Title: Contemporary Canada - Life in the Twentieth Century Course Code: HCT2A HWMOA 1odern Westerr mmram HWMOAF La Civilization Moderne de I'ouest HCNOA anada in a Nort American Perspective Credit Value: 1.0 Prerequisite: None Contemporary Canada has been affected dramatically by events, forces and issues since the beginning of this century. Events as disparate as the assassination at Sarajevo, the Conscription Crisis of 1917, "The Crash ", the Suez Crisis, Quebec nationalism, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Free Trade issue are among the topics that students will examine. The course includes the following units: citizenship, French - English relations, Canadian- American relations, international relations and social and economic issues. 42 Course Title: Canada in a North Credit Value: 1.0 American Prerequisite: Successful Perspective completion of at least one Course Code: HCNOA Advanced Level, Senior Division, Social Science course. Why does Canada exist? This question cannot be answered without also considering the related problem: Why does the United States exist? Why did we refuse to join the American revolution? Why have we been able to build and keep a nation without serious conflict or a bloody civil war while our neighbours could not? Why have we not developed into the economic and military superpower the United States has? In short, why are we Canadians and they Americans? These questions form the central themes of this OAC course. 1 MATHEMATICS MTW1B Mathematics MTW2B Mathematics MTB3G ath for Busines MTB4G ath for Busines MAGOA Algebra and MAT1 G Mathematics G nerd MAT1 A Mathematics MTT3G Math for MTT4G Math for MCAOA Calculus MAT1AF Mathematiques • ;r:;:ztz�:C•l. MAT3A Mathematics MFNOA Finite MAT2AF Mathematique Course Title: Mathematics Course Code: MAT1G SOT4X Astronomy Credit Value: 1.0 Prerequisite: Grade Eight Mathematics The general level courses in Mathematics are designed for students who have an understanding of most Grade 7 and 8 mathematics but have not shown interest or aptitude in the more abstract aspects of mathematics are not intending to study mathematics or subjects in which mathematics is required at the university level. General level mathematics courses are designed for students planning to take courses requiring mathematics at a college of Applied Arts and Technology (or other post- secondary institution other than a university) or to enter business, or a trade directly after secondary school. Emphasis is on the application of mathematics rather than the theory of mathematics. Topics include applications of roots, ratio and rate; statistics; working with polynomials; solving word problems; solving linear equations in one variable; geometric problems of perimeter; area and volume; geometry constructions; and dilatations. Course Title: Mathematics Course Code: MAT2G Credit Value: 1.0 Prerequisite: MAT1G or MAT1 A This course provides the student with the opportunity to expand his /her knowledge of numerical methods, algebra and geometry. Topics include number applications, powers, square roots, applications of ratio, rate and percent, statistics, personal finance and banking, borrowing and saving, polynomials, formula, equations, graphing, linear equations, geometric figures and properties. 46 FSF1A Core French FSF1 G Core French FEL1A Late Immersion ilgrOgft MODERN LANGUAGES FSF2A FSF3A " FSFOA Core French Core French �� Core French FSF2G Core French FEW1A Late Immersion WritiN FIL1A Early Immersion FEL2A Late Immersion FEW2A Late Immersion FIW1A Early Immersion Writin.Q.. FIL2A Early Immersion FIW2A Early Immersion �IVjiti� Course Title: Core French Course Code: FSF1A FSF3G Core French FIF3A Immersion FSF4G Core French larriMMF FSGOA Core French FIFOA Immersion IVAZAMMI FIGOA Immersion ttelerMiSir Credit Value: 1.0 Prerequisite: None Students who have completed grade 8 in an immersion program, and who are transferring to the core program, must register for FSF2A. This course is the first year of the 4 or 5 year Core French program. It is the normal continuation of the program taught in the Carleton Board of Education grade 8 classes and must not be chosen by students who have spent some time in a immersion program or in a francophone school or by students who use French at home. In this grade 9 course, students will continue to develop the lour skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing through the study of grammar, listening exercises, oral presentations and short compositions. Emphasis will be placed on communicating in French. Students will learn to express their opinion on topics of everyday life. Approximately 20 new structures will be introduced. Intensive and supplementary reading are part of the course and the students will also be introduced to certain aspects of French and French Canadian culture. Students will be required to purchase a workbook at a cost of $5. Course Title: Core French Credit Value: 1.0 Course Code: FSF2A Prerequisite: FSF1A Students who have completed grade 9 in an immersion program, and who are transferring to the core program, must register for FSF3A. This course is a continuation of FSF1 A and is the second year in our Core French program. The students will further develop the communication skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Approximately 20 new structures will be introduced and French will be the language of communication in the classroom. The students will learn about the French and French Canadian cultures and will learn to express themselves more freely through listening exercises. films, intensive and supplementary reading, dialogues and dramatizations, group work and oral and written compositions. Students will be required to purchase a workbook at a cost of $5. 51 MUSIC AMU2A Music . t It'. AMU1AE Music AMU2AE Music l 0 - . . 1 11 AMV1A Vocal Music AMV2A Vocal Music AMV3A Vocal Music AMV4A AMVOA Vocal Music Vocal Music AMS1AE Music - Strings Course Title: Music Course Code: AMU1A Credit Value: 1.0 Prerequisite: None No musical background is required for this course, which is designed for beginners only. Students without previous experience on wind or percussive instruments should elect this course. The beginning instrumental music course offers the student an opportunity to study an instrument from one of the following families: woodwind, brass or percussion. The instruments offered are these: oboe, bassoon, flute, clarinet, alto and tenor saxophone, bass clarinet, trumpet, French horn, trombone, euphonium, tuba and various percussive instruments. In some schools, bass guitar may be available for study. Instruments will be assigned by the teacher following a review of aptitude survey scores, certain physical necessities, student choices and the need for well - balanced instrumentation. The main emphasis of the course will be on the acquisition of basic instrumental techniques through performance. Non - performance areas of study will include rudiments, ear training and rhythmic dictation, music appreciation and music history. The student must purchase a mouthpiece, theory workbook and one technique book. All other materials will be supplied. Course Title: Music Credit Value: 1.0 Course Code: AMU1AE Prerequisite: 1 -2 years previous experience in instrumental music or approval of instructor. This course is generally designed to meet the needs of students entering high school with the equivalent of one or two years of music instruction at the middle school level (or the equivalent of private lessons). The students in this course will advance their technique through selected methods books and band repertoire. Students will expand their knowledge of music rudiment and history through various performing, listening, written, and creative activities. Students will be encouraged to participate in junior performing ensembles because the additional practice time every week will help to develop instrumental technique. Students will be required to purchase a theory workbook and a technique book. All other materials will be supplied by the music department. 56 PHF1 G Girls' Phys. & - 1 • Girls' Phys. & Health Ed. HM1 Boys' Phys. & Health Ed. PHM1G1 Boys' Phys. & 1 e, lthF0 PHYSICAL EDUCATION • • CacaMM PED2G Co -ed Phys. PEM2G Boys' Physical ABE2Y Junior Dance PED3G Co -ed Phys. r�itr. ati�rz. PEM3A Boys' Physical PEH3A Health Education ABS3Y Senior Dance PEF4A Girls' Physical PED4G Co -ed Phys. "I�t' PEM4A Boys' Physical ,Educatian. PEH4A ealth Educatio PED4A1 Co -ed Phys. PAO4Y Outdoor PAO4X Outdoor �s�urac��n. PHL5A Co -Ed Phys. OM Grade 9 Physical and Health Education is compulsory and must be completed successfully before gaining an OS1S credit. Students may take only ONE physical education course per year. However, courses in Outdoor Education, Dance or Health may be taken in addition to a physical education course. In Grades 11 and 12 more depth in team sports is emphasized. Aspects of coaching, theory, refereeing and appreciation of the sport are stressed. Many individual and carry-over sports are introduced, as well, with the hope that students will continue active participation in these sports once they leave high school; i.e., badminton, golf, archery, judo, and personal fitness. Any field trips offered in physical education classes are optional and must be student - funded. It is strongly recommended that a health course be taken in conjunction with physical education at the senior level. (N.B.- -PEH4A and PEH3A will fulfil the compulsory Senior Social Science credit requirement.) The Physical and Health Education Department provides an umbrella concept under which are the following broad areas of student involvement: - the academic program; i.e., dance, skill technology, fitness; - the intramural recreation/games program; - the interscholastic sports program; - the health studies program; - the outdoor education program. Through these programs, the Physical and Health Education Department hopes to provide the student with intellectual, social and physical challenges so that the student may be better prepared for his /her future role as a profitable member of society. 60 SNC1A Science SNC1AF Sciences H r t SNC1 G Science SNC2A Science SNC2AF Sciences SNC2G Science ZiMEOM SEN2A Environmental i SCIENCE • SBI3A Biology SBIOA Biology SCH3A Chemistry SCA3G Chemistry SBA3G Biology SCHOA Chemistry SPH4A Physics SPHOA Physics SPA4G Applied SEN4A Environmental JAM 1 SGE4G Geology The aims of the Science program are to help each student develop an understanding of the processes of science; develop skills which are essential for participation in scientific work and technology; acquire facility in problem - solving through science; acquire the basic knowledge needed to function in a scientific and technological world; gain respect for the environment and a commitment to the wise use of resources; acquire an understanding of the nature of science as a human endeavour; develop an appreciation of technology as the application of scientific knowledge and principles; develop an ability to locate and retrieve scientific information; develop an awareness of the career possibilities in the field of science and technology; develop an awareness of how the knowledge of science enhances personal life management; develop a sensitivity about science and its influence on societal issues and values. Preferred routes through the Secondary School Science program For all students, it is strongly recommended that they proceed through the secondary school science program by first taking a Grade 9 science course, then a Grade 10 science course, and finally senior science courses as desired. Two science credits are necessary for an Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD). It is anticipated that the majority of students will choose to take grade 9 and 10 science to meet this requirement. 66 TIE1G1 Auto Mechanics TIE1 G2 Drafting L. TIE1 G3 Electronics TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES TCW2G Woodwork TCW3G Woodwork UsgraArel TEC3A Computer TEC3G Computer TMS3G Machine Shop TMW3G Welding TEC4A Computer TEC4G Computer TMS4G Machine Shop TMW4G Welding TML3G1 Women in the 0 d TAM3G1 Know Your Car . 4 TIM3G Multi - Subject TDA3G Drafting TDM3G Drafting TDM4G Drafting TRANSPORTATION AUTOMOTIVE MECHANICS (INTERMEDIATE) Course Title: Automotive Credit Value: 1.0 Mechanics Prerequisite: TIE101 Course Code: TAM2G (Suggested) This second year course provides an introduction to the fundamentals of the Automotive field and Technical literacy in general. Practical applications will be emphasized and skills will be developed central to the Automotive trade. Topics will include safety, the engine, the power train, electrical systems, fuel systems, cooling systems, Lubrication systems, steering systems, braking systems and transmissions. 73